Depression, Anxiety and Stress Level among University Students of Class Reentry Post Covid-19 Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v9i2p197Keywords:
Depression, Anxiety, Stress Level, Covid-19, EducationAbstract
Since the breakdown of the COVID-19, tertiary education in Malaysia is still using online classes. Returning to normal study routines might have some positive effects or opposite and causes anxiety for other students as with class reentry. Therefore, this study is evaluating the depression, anxiety, and stress in reentry classes of university students post covid-19 from all over Malaysia. Observational study was conducted using online questionnaire that was developed by adapting the Patient Health questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Perceived stress scale (PSS). The results show higher levels of anxiety and perceived stress among Malaysian university students towards class reentry which causes moderate depression. The findings revealed a significant correlation between depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. Thus, policies should be implemented by educational institutions and instructors to help understand the students’ mental strain and deal with future pandemic to overcome students’ anxiety and emotional distress.
References
Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054
Browning, M.H.E.M., Larson, L.R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., (2021) Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States. PLoS ONE 16(1), e0245327. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245327
Capurso, M., Buratta, L., Pazzagli, C., Pagano Salmi, L., Casucci, S., Finauro, S., Potenza, C., & Mazzeschi, C. (2021). Student and teacher evaluation of a school reentry program following the initial Covid19 lockdown. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 36(4), 376–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735211037805
Capurso, M., Dennis, J. L., Salmi, L. P., Parrino, C., & Mazzeschi, C. (2020). Empowering children through school reentry activities after the COVID-19 pandemic. Continuity in Education, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/cie.17
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Daniel, S.J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 49, 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3
Erick, T. B. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, anxiety, and coping strategies of students during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(8), 635-642. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1769300
Fanari, A., & Segrin, C. (2021). Longitudinal effects of US students’ reentry shock on psychological health after returning home during the COVID-19 global pandemic. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 82, 298-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.04.013
Goodman, J., Wang, S. X., Ornelas, R. A. G., & Santana, M. H. (2020). Mental health of undocumented college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.28.20203489
Hamaideh, S.H., Al-Modallal, H., Hamdan-Mansour, A., Tanash, M. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate students during COVID-19 outbreak and “home-quarantine”. Nurs Open, 1– 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.918
Hassan, N. A., Majeed, H. A., Tajuddin, J. M., Abdullah, N. H., & Ahmad, R. (2022). Investigating mental health among Malaysian University students during Covid-19 pandemic. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 7(1), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i1.1224
Hill, R. (1998). What sample size is “enough” in internet survey research. Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An electronic journal for the 21st century, 6(3-4), 1-12.
Husky, M. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020). Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 102, 152191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191
Islam, M. A., Barna, S. D., Raihan, H., Khan, M. N. A., & Hossain, M. T. (2020). Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey. PloS one, 15(8), e0238162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238162
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Lee, J. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7
Marco, C., Massimo, C., Alessandro, T., Wen-Can, J., Cheng-Bin, W., & Sergio, B. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 57(6), 365-388, DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1783198
Marzo, R. R., Vinay, V., Bahari, R., Chauhan, S., Ming, D. A. F., Nelson Fernandez, S. F. A/P., Johnson, C. C. P., Thivakaran, A. Q. A., Rahman, M. M., & Goel, S. (2021). Depression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 12, 100868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100868
McKibbin, W.J., Fernando, R., (2020). The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios. CAMA Working Paper No. 19/2020 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3547729
Kekić, D., & Miladinović, S. (2016). Functioning of educational system during an outbreak of acute infectious diseases.
Olsen, W. (2011). Data collection: Key debates and methods in social research.
Polizzi, C., Lynn, S.J., Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17 (2), 59-62. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A.J., Pantaleón, Y., Dios, I., & Falla, D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: A predictive model for depression. Front. Psychol. 11, 591797. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797
Ross, S. M. (2017). Introductory statistics. Academic Press.
Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S., Sharma, N., Verma, S., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 Pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102083 102087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
Samsudin, A. D., Jaafar, A., Idaham, N. I., & Mohamed Jali Yunos, M. H. (2021). The Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on psychological wellness among dental students of a Malaysian public university. Ulum Islamiyyah, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol33no3.323
Singh, S., Roy, M. D., Sinha, C. P. T. M. K., Parveen, C. P. T. M. S., Sharma, C. P. T. G., & Joshi, C. P. T. G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research, 113429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. J Med Internet Res, 22(9), e21279. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279
Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B., & Löwe, B. A. (2006). Brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med, 166(10):1092-7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092. PMID: 16717171.
Sundarasen, S., Chinna, K., Kamaludin, K., Nurunnabi, M., Baloch, G. M., Khoshaim, H. B., Hossain, S. F. A., & Sukayt, A. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 and lockdown among university students in Malaysia: Implications and policy recommendations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176206
Waters, L., Allen, K. A., & Arslan, G. (2021). Stress-related growth in adolescents returning to school after COVID-19 school closure. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 643443. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643443
WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19). Live statistics. Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/
Woon, L. S.-C., Leong Bin Abdullah, M. F. I., Sidi, H., Mansor, N. S., & Nik Jaafar, N. R. (2021). Depression, anxiety, and the COVID-19 pandemic: Severity of symptoms and associated factors among university students after the end of the movement lockdown. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0252481. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252481
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies
International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies applies the
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic Licence (CC BY-NC 2.0)
