Strategies Utilized to Mitigate Gaps in Differentiated Unit Cost Funding and their Relationship with Implementation of the Core Mandates of Public Universities in Kenya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v12i2p75Keywords:
Funding, Differentiated Unit Cost, Strategies, Utilize, SubsidiesAbstract
The purpose of this study was to establish strategies utilized to mitigate gaps in Differentiated Unit Cost (DUC) funding in public universities in Kenya. Cross- Section research design and concurrent mixed methods approach were adopted. The target population was three hundred and sixty from which a sample of 108 was selected. Stratified random sampling was used to pick nine universities of study. Questionnaire reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha index. Questionnaire’s data were analysed using Pearson r, while, Interview data were analysed thematically. The results indicated a weak, negative correlation between the two variables, (r (68) = -.01, p = .951), which implied that, the relationship between strategies utilized to alleviate gaps in DUC funding and implementation of the core mandates of public universities in Kenya was not significant, thereby retaining the null hypothesis. The study recommended that public universities be allowed to charge tuition fees that reflect the reality on the ground.
References
Adeoye, M. A. (2024). Mastering the Basics: A Guide to Research Methodology for Effective Writing and Publication. Chalim Journal of Teaching and Learning, 4(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.31538/cjotl.v4i1.134
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & Rumbley, L. E. (2019). Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution (Vol. 22). https://books.google.co.ug/books?hl=en&lr=& id=-t-mDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP3&dq=Trends+in+global+higher+education:++%09Tracking+an+academic+revolution+&ots=rHE519lJiK&sig=WI2moMLQ4CJ3ovc1P_tfp4QjjMY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Trends%20in%20global%20higher%20education%3A%20%20%09Tracking%20an%20academic%20revolution&f=false
American Council of Trustees and Alumni- ACTA (2012). Shaping the future of higher education annual Report. URL https://www.goacta.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/annual_report_2012.pdf
Ballowe, T. (2008). Change Management requires cutting costs by renegotiating contracts. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/onstrategyhq.com/resources/cutting-costs-now-by-renegoti.
Bolarinwa & Akeem, O. (2015). Principles and Methods of Validity and Reliability Testing of Questionnaires Used in Social and Health Science Researches. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal 22(4): p 195-201, https://10.4103/1117-1936.173959
Bozeman, B., & Youtie, J. (2017). Socio-economic impacts and public value of government-funded research: Lessons from four US National Science Foundation initiatives. Research Policy, 46(8), 1387-1398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.06.003
Brown, A., & Danaher, P. A. (2019). CHE principles: Facilitating authentic and dialogical semi-structured interviews in educational research. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 42(1), 76-90, https://10.1080/1743727X.2017.1379987
Burgett, B., & Hendler, G. (Eds.). (2020). Keywords for American cultural studies (Vol. 11). NYU Press. URL https://books.google.co.ug/books?hl=en&lr=&id=MtfaDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA32&dq=Keywords+for+American+cultural+studies+&ots=T1gGzrfmaH&sig=-wOFwhTQ8xfFceSfjrLiJy1y7jA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q= Keywords%20for%20American%20cultural%20studies&f=false
CASRO (2018). Definition of response rate. URL https://www.quantitativeskills.com/sis/calculations/resprhlp.htm
Casteel, A., & Bridier, N. L. (2021). Describing Populations and Samples in Doctoral Student Research. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.28945/4766
Christensen, J. H. (2022). Enhancing mixed methods pragmatism with systems theory: Perspectives from educational research. Systems research and behavioral science, 39(1), 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2751
Cobern, W., & Adams, B. (2020). Establishing survey validity: A practical guide. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(3), 404-419. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.781366
Connell, J., Carlton, J., Grundy, A., Buck, T. E., Keetharuth, A. D., Ricketts, T., & Brazier, J. (2018). The importance of content and face validity in instrument development: lessons learnt from service users when developing the Recovering Quality of Life measure (ReQoL). Quality of life research, 27, 1893-1902. URL https://link.springer. com/article/10.1007/s11136-018-1847-y
Daiya, K. (2020). 5 Ways to Financially Survive the Pandemic. Inside Higher Education. URL https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/10/05/higher-ed-leaders- Must-develop-ethical-and-responsible-financial-strategies-during
Deming, D. J. (2022). Four Facts about Human Capital. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 36 (3): 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.3.75
Denscombe, M. (2017). EBOOK: The good research guide: For small-scale social research projects. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). https://books.google.co.ug/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SMovEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=related:ZrSyF4ZWcKYJ:scholar.google.com/&ots=lMa9UdV8kg&sig=r4qNb3NVI55Ct4r4tXN1trrnlKc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Dima, A. M., Begu, L., Vasilescu, M. D., & Maassen, M. A. (2018). The relationship between the knowledge economy and global competitiveness in the European Union. Sustainability, 10(6), 1706. URL https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/6/1706
Ezarik, M. (2020, June 11). Hampshire faculty agree to salary reductions. https://universitybusi ness.com/hampshire-faculty-agree-to-salary-reductions/
Groysber, B. & Abbot, S. (2020). Cut payroll Costs with Transparency, Fairness, and Compassion. Working Knowledge. Harvard Business School. https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/cut-payroll-costs-with-transparency-fairness-and-compassion.
Hayre, C. M. (2021). Data analysis and trustworthiness in qualitative research. In Research methods for student radiographers (pp. 145-169). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis. com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780367559311-10/data-analysis-trustworthiness-qualitative- research-christopher-hayre
Hazelkorn, E., & Gibson, A. (2019). Public goods and public policy: what is public good, and who and what decides? Higher Education, 78, 257-271. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10734-018-0341-3
Irani, E. (2019). The use of videoconferencing for qualitative interviewing: Opportunities, challenges, and considerations. Clinical Nursing Research, 28(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773818803170
Jain, N. (2021). Survey versus interviews: Comparing data collection tools for exploratory research. The Qualitative Report, 26(2), 541-554. https://10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4492
Jain, S., & Angural, V. (2017). Use of Cronbach's alpha in dental research. Medico Research Chronicles, 4(03), 285-291. https://medrech.com/index.php/medrech/article/view/242
Knight, J. (2018). The changing landscape of higher education internationalization–for better or worse? In Perspectives on the internationalization of higher education (pp. 13-19). Routledge. https://10.4324/9781315160870-3
Le, K., & Nguyen, M. (2021). Education and political engagement. International Journal of Educational Development, 85, 102441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102441
Lim, D. (2018). Quality assurance in higher education: A study of developing countries: A study of developing countries. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315204147
Marginson, S. (2016). The worldwide trend to high participation higher education: Dynamics of social stratification in inclusive systems. Higher education, 72, 413-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0016-x
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1),67. https://10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
Mitchell, M., Leachman, M., & Saenz, M. (2019). State higher education funding cuts have pushed costs to students, worsened inequality. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 24, 9-15. https://tacc.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-11/state_he_funding_ cuts.pdf
Mok, K. H. (2015). Higher education transformations for global competitiveness: Policy responses,social consequences and impact on the academic profession in Asia. Higher education policy, 28, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2014.27
Moser, A. & Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection and analysis, European Journal of General Practice, 24:1, 9-18. https://10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091
Naqvi, S., Al Aufi, M. A., & Tuzlukova, V. (2022). Instruments’ Development and Validation For Contextualized Educational Research. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(8), 6924-6939. https://mail.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/11008
Newfield, C. (2016). The great mistake: How we wrecked public universities and how we can fix them. Johns Hopkins University Press.https://books.google.co.ug/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XdhtDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=The+great+mistake:+How+we+wrecked+public+universities+and+how+we+can++%09+++fix+them.+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press.&ots=H03aiBfh3h&sig=AtB-6VXdXuK28oEvDwtxa89PhN8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20great%20mistake%3A%20How%20we%20wrecked%20public%20universities%20and%20how%20we%20can%20%20%09%20%20%20fix%20them.%20Johns%20Hopkins%20University%20Press.&f=false
Nganga, G, (2020, February 24th). Struggling universities seek commercial loan to boost finances. University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile php?story=20200224060225507
Nganga, G., Waruru, M., & Nakweya, G. (2020, April 7th). Universities face multiple challenges in the wake of Covid-19 closures.University World News.https://www.universityworldnews.com/post-mobile.php?story=20200407162549396
Özdoğan Özbal, E. (2021). Dynamic effects of higher education expenditures on human capital and economic growth: an evaluation of OECD countries. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 5(2), 174-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2021.1893125
Phasha, T.N. (2022). Key informants’ perspectives about sexual victimisation of learners with intellectual disability in South Africa. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 9, 106. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01118-3
Popov, A. (2014). Credit constraints and investment in human capital: Training evidence From transition economies. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 23(1), 76-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2013.11.003
Sharma, A. (2020, Nov 22). Is n = 30 really enough? Towards Data Science Journal. Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience.com/is-n-30-really-enough-a-popula-inductive-fallacy-apmong-data-analysts-95661669dd98
Sharma, B. (2016). A focus on reliability in developmental research through Cronbach’s Alpha among medical, dental and paramedical professionals. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences, 3(4), 271-278. https://10.21276/apjhs.2016.3.4.43
Singh, A. S. (2017). Common procedures for development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 5(5), 790-801. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82461261/5549-libre.pdf? 164789082=&response-content-isposition=inline%3B+filename%3DLicensed_under_ Creative_Common_COMMON_PR.pdf&Expires=1735244611&Signature=GZV91TSILGZZX60WtY4~spoa3tznzeQbmmlGSjawScnd0e8n-QeDJo~M9eRJ7ImiHvPwEF6ez3~FBr5AhRZ q~juJgumz1gVFSqchc8MjDUyDg1Abe7eQVZ6qBKMtbR68z9ZoJo294W- E1wPHbGX3mt3HDDw- MCPNdMbcKtqHpngcnnuzruxkTHC0JcLLZrTn3bY7p2BMD524 YMaZySR0NysXS8HxLKtNvOEWfZGYansxuWx1rhe4TxSJyUdHgprMsGH2~I9YHm3FR4Qoiy01P5m2OlbUIE5Qmre6t7SXnNFbcj9GGUHOslRQEXzKGxRcCq6GqW4CeVYGuN3-ka n- 5g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Sreejesh, S., Mohapatra, S., Anusree, M.R. (2014). Questionnaire Design in Business Research 399Methods. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00539-3_5
Williams, C. (2020, May 15). President, other SUU leaders to forgo salaries in effort to save university jobs. https://www.ksl.com/article/46753911/president-other-suu-leaders-to-forg
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies
International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies applies the
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic Licence (CC BY-NC 2.0)
